Decent Work and Economic Growth- Ted talks

Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent job for all.
提倡持續穩定的經濟增長，充分和生產性就業機會和人人有份穩定的工作。

Our ability to create and sustain economic growth is the defining challenge of our time. 
運用自我能力去開創穩定的經濟增長是這個世代的艱鉅挑戰。

Of course, there are other challenges, healthcare disease burdens and pandemics, environmental challenges. 
當然也有其他的難題，像是醫療保健服務、疾病負擔，流行病以及環境問題。

And of course radicalized terrorism.
當然還有激進的恐怖主義。

However, to the extent that we can actually solve the economic growth challenge, it will take us a long way to solving the challenges that I've just elucidated.
儘管我們現今可以應對解決經濟增長問題，其他我所闡明的難題將會持續擾人。

More importantly, unless and until we solve economic growth and create a sustainable long-term economic growth,we'll be unable to address the seemingly intractable challenges 
that continue to pervade the globe today.
最重要的是直到我們徹底解決經濟增長並開發長期穩定的經濟成長前，都無法處理至今瀰漫全球且棘手的其他難題。

Whether it's healthcare, education or economic development. 
不管是醫療保健服務、教育或是經濟發展。

The fundamental question is this, how are we going to create economic growth in advanced and developed economies like the United States and across Europe?
都回歸到最初的問題，就是我們該如何在先進已開發國家如美國及歐洲地區來達到經濟成長？

At the time, when they continue to struggle to create economic growth after the financial crisis, they continue to underperform and to see an erosion in the three key, drivers of
economic growth, capital, labor and productivity.
當他們顯然地持續掙扎於金融危機後來做到經濟增長，他們持續表現不佳並在3個要點: 經濟增長的動力、勞動資本、生產力中受到影響。

In particular, these developed economies continue to see debts and deficits, the decline in
erosion of both the quality and quantity of labor and they also say productivity stalling.
尤其是這些經濟已開發國家持續面臨債務和赤字、勞工數量品質降低導致生產力延遲。

In a similar vein, how are we going to create economic growth in the emerging markets where 90% of the world's population lives and where on average 70% of the population is under the age of 25?
同樣地，我們如何在全球90%的人口居住地且之中有70%未滿25歲的新興市場中創造經濟增長？

In these countries, it is essential that they grow at a minimum of 7% a year in order to put a dent in poverty and to double per capita incomes in one generation. 
在這些國家，他們必須達到每年最少7%成長來減少貧困問題，且在這個世代的人口平均收入需來到兩倍。

And yet, today, the largest emerging economies countries with at least 50 million people continue to struggle to reach that 7% magic mark.
然而，現今最龐大的新興經濟國家中的5億人口持續無法達到那7%的神奇指標。

Worse than that, countries like India, Russia, South Africa, Brazil and even China are falling
below that 7% number and in many cases actually regressing.
更糟的是國家像是印度、俄羅斯、南非、巴西甚至是中國都低於7%指標且大多仍在退步。

Economic growth matters. 
經濟增長具有重大影響。

With economic growth countries and societies enter into a virtuous cycle of upward mobility, opportunity and improved living standards.
經濟成長國家及社會進入良性循環，向上流動機會和提高生活水平。

Without growth, countries contract and atrophy, not just in the annals of economic statistics but also in the meaning of life and how lives are lived.
缺乏成長的國家不只縮減經濟統計數據且使生活意義萎縮

Economic growth matters powerfully for the individual. 
經濟成長對於個體具有極大深遠的影響力。

With growth wanes, the risk to human progress and the risk of political and social instability rises, and societies become dimmer, coarser and smaller.
增長削減使人類發展風險、政治及社會不穩定性提高，社會將變得黯淡無光且渺小。

The context matters, and countries and emerging markets do not need to grow at the same
rates of developed countries.
環境具有重大影響，已發展國家與新興市場不需要以同樣的速度成長。

Now I know some of you in this room find this to be a risky proposition. 
我知道在這個房間裡的某些人會認為這是個具風險的提議。

There are some people here, who will turn around and feed be quite disillusioned by what's happened around the world, and basically ascribe that to economic growth.
有些人對於全球目前情況不抱期望並歸咎於經濟增長。

You worry about the overpopulation of the planet. 
你擔心將來人口過多的問題

And looking at the UN recent statistics and projections that the world will have 11 billion people on the planet before plateaus in 2100, you're concerned about what that does to natural resources, arable land, potable water energy and minerals. 
並依據美國近期數據預測將在未來衝升至1千1百億人直到2100年的平穩期，你擔心如此多人口將會影響到天然資源、可耕土地、飲用水還有能量和礦產資源。

You're also concerned about the degradation of the environment, and you worry about how men embodied in a corporate globalist has become greedy and corrupt. 
你也擔憂環境的損害和支持全球主義的企業人士將會變得貪得無厭。

But I'm here to tell you today that economic growth has been the backbone of changes moving and living standards of millions of people around the world. 
但我現在要告訴你經濟增長是改變全球上百萬人民生活水平的基石。

And more importantly, it's not just economic growth that has been driven by capitalism.
更重要的是，資本主義不只推動著經濟成長。

The definition of capitalism very simply put is that the factors of production, such as trade and industry, capital and labor, are left in the hands of the private sector and not the state. 
簡單來說，資本主義將生產因子如交易、資本工業和勞工從國家轉交給私人部門。

It's really essential here that we understand that fundamentally the critique is not for economic growth per se, but what has happened to capitalism and to the extent that we
need to create economic growth over the long term, we're going to have to pursue it with a better form of economic stance.
我們需要了解到經濟增長本身並沒有受到批評，而是資本主義的發展導致我們需要想出經濟成長的長期計劃，我們必須以更好的經濟政策去追求成長。

Economic growth needs capitalism but it needs it to work properly.
經濟成長需要資本主義發揮功效。

And as I mentioned a moment ago, the core of the capitalist system has been defined by
private actors. 
我不久前所提到的資本家主義的中心被私人行為者給界定。

And even this, however, is a very simplistic dichotomy - capitalism good, non capitalism bad. 
儘管如此，這是個極為簡單的二分法。主本主義的好處和非資本主義的壞處。

When in practical experience, capitalism is much more of a spectrum.
但實際上資本主義的範圍遠遠超出。

And we have countries, such as China which have practiced more state capitalism, and we have countries like the United States which are more market captain lists.
我們有偏好國家資本主義的國家以中國為例，也有像美國的國家偏向於市場資本主義者。

This 21st century perspective allows you to clearly see that capitalism does not work by
effectively allocating existing resources.
21世紀的觀點讓我們清楚地看到資本主義無法有效地分配現有的資源。

It works by effectively creating new solutions to human problems, the genius
of capitalism is that it is an evolutionary solution finding system.
反觀有效地開發新方法來應對人類問題，資本主義的設想是逐步找出一個解決方法的系統。

It rewards people for solving other people’s problems.
解決他人問題將會得到獎勵。

The difference between a poor society and a rich society obviously is the degree to which that society has generated solutions in the form of products for its citizens. 
貧困社會與富有社會得明顯差別就是在於能為自家國民所生產的產量多寡。

The some of the solutions that we have in our society really is our prosperity, and this explains why companies like Google, and Amazon, and Microsoft, and Apple and the entrepreneurs, who created those companies have contributed so much to our nation's prosperity.
我們社會中某些方案正是代表自家的繁榮，這也解釋了Google，Amazon，Microsoft和Apple的創業者對於國家繁榮貢獻多少。

This 21st century perspective also makes clear that what we think of as economic growth
is best understood as the rate at which we solve problems.
21世紀的觀點也讓我們意識到經濟成長其實就等同於我們解決問題的速度。

But that rate is totally dependent upon how many, how many problem solvers, diverse able problem solvers we have, and thus, how many of our fellow citizens actively participate, both as entrepreneurs who can offer solutions and as customers who consume them.
但這個速率取決於有多少個解決方案以及可行的解決方法，從而得知有多少市民以創業家提供解決方案同時也是消費者來積極參與。

But this maximizing participation thing doesn't happen by accident, it doesn't happen by itself.
最大化參與不是無意間自己發生的。

It requires effort and investment which is why all highly prosperous capitalist democracies are characterized by massive investments in the middle class and the infrastructure that they depend on.
而是需要付出及投資，也是為什麼繁榮的資本主義者民主以大量中產階級的投資，還有他們所仰賴的建設為主。

I have started or helped start dozens of companies and initially hired lots of people.
我曾經自創或是幫助數十個公司創業，且初期聘請許多員工。

But if there was no one around, who could afford to buy what we had to sell all those companies and all those jobs would have evaporated.
但如果沒人買得起我們的產品，那些公司跟工作機會就會跟著消失。

That's why I can say with confidence that rich people don't create jobs.
所以我可以大膽地說有錢人無法提供工作機會。

New businesses large or small, jobs are a consequence of a circle of life like feedback loop between customers and businesses.
新產業中的工作量多寡就好比生命循環，消費者與產業的回饋迴路。

And only consumers can set in motion this virtuous cycle of increasing demand and hiring. 
只有消費者可以開啟提高需求量和雇用數的良性循環。

In this sense, an ordinary consumer is more of a job creator than a capitalist like me.
這樣的前提下，普遍消費者比我這樣的資本主義家更能提供工作機會。

Spend a couple of minutes on system dynamics,
讓我們花一點時間來了解系統動力學。

 It's a bit complex and I apologize for that. Well, I'll try and do is I'll try and paraphrase it in sort of human terms.
它有點複雜，我很抱歉，但還是會努力地以人類角度來解釋。

So it looks a little bit like this.
所以它看起來像這樣。

Firms produce goods for households, that's us, and provide us with incomes.
企業為我們生產商品，更棒的是為我們提供收入。

And that's even better because we can spend those incomes on more goods and services, that's called the circular flow of the economy.
因為我們可以將收入花費在產品服務上，也就是所謂的國民收入的循環流程。

It looks harmless enough. I want to just highlight one key feature of this system which is the role of investment.
看起來無傷大雅，但我想要強調這個系統的某個關鍵特點就是投資角色。

Now, investment constitutes, only about a fifth of the national income in most modern economies, but it plays an absolutely vital role.
投資只佔現今國民收入經濟的1/5，但卻扮演著極為重要的角色。

And what it does essentially is to stimulate further consumption growth. 
它主要能促進未來花費成長。

It does this in a couple of ways, chasing productivity which drives down prices and encourages us to buy more stuff.
以各種方式爭取生產力藉此降低價格並鼓勵我們買更多東西。

But I want to concentrate on the role of investment in seeking out novelty, the production and consumption of novelty.
但我想專注在投資角色尋求新穎，新奇的生產及消費量。

Joseph Schumpeter called this the process of creative destruction.
Joseph Schumpeter稱這個過程為創造性破壞。

 It's a process of the production and reproduction of novelty, continually chasing expanding consumer markets, consumer goods, new consumer goods.
生產及再生產的創新過程，持續地追求擴大消費品市場、生活消費品還有新的生活消費品。

And this is where it gets interesting because it turns out that human beings have something of an appetite for novelty.
而這也是有趣的地方，結果指出人類有追求創新的慾望。

We love new stuff, new material stuff for sure, but also new ideas, new adventures, new experiences.
我們熱愛新東西也追求新點子、新冒險還有新的經驗。    

What we need the economy to do in fact is to put investment back into the heart of the
model to re-conceive investment.
實際上，我們需要將投資找回初衷並重新構想投資案。

Only now investment isn't going to be about the relentless and mindless pursuit of consumption growth. 
現在投資不僅僅於嚴厲或是盲目地追求消費者成長。

Investment has to be a different beast.
投資必須是另外的野獸。

Investment has to be in the new economy, protecting and nurturing their ecological assets on
which our future depends.
投資必須在新的經濟裡保護且培育我們未來所依靠的生態資產。

It has to be about transition, it has to be investing in low-carbon technologies and infrastructures.
它必須轉變，必須投資於低碳技術及建設。

We have to invest, in fact, in the idea of a meaningful prosperity providing capabilities for people to flourish.
我們必須投資於具有意義繁榮的點子，提供人們茁壯的能力。

And of course this task has material dimensions, it would be nonsense to talk about people
flourishing if they didn't have food clothing and shelter.
當然這項任務含括物質層面，人們在沒有食物、衣物及遮蔽物的前提下茁壯是不可能的。

But it's also clear that prosperity goes beyond this. It has social and psychological aims.
但繁榮本身也遠遠超過社會及心理目標。

Family, friendship, commitments society participating in the life of that society.
家人、友誼、承諾還有參與社會活動。

And this too requires investment.
這些都需要投資。

Investment for example, in places.  Places where we can connect, places where we can participate.
投資於地點，舉例: 我們能產生聯結的地方或是我們可以參與活動的地方。

 

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